Subject: SMH: Army's dirty tricks brigade unleashed
in fight for Timor
Date: Sat, 10 Jul 1999 16:51:37 -0400
From: "John M. Miller" <fbp@igc.apc.org>Received from Joyo Indonesian
News:
Sydney Morning Herald Thursday, July 8, 1999
Army's dirty tricks brigade unleashed in fight for Timor
By DAVID JENKINS, Asia Editor
It is Sunday afternoon in Jakarta and a colleague of Xanana Gusmao is sitting in a
deserted hotel lounge discussing political developments in East Timor.
As she outlines the hopes and plans of the pro-independence movement, a solidly built
Indonesian in jeans and a checked shirt appears out of nowhere and slips onto a couch
beside us.
He remains silent but manages, in his silence, to convey an air of surliness and faint
menace.
The man is a stranger but his actions are so brazen that I assume, incorrectly, that he
must be a friend of my guest. She assumes he is a friend of mine. After an exchange of
glances we realise our mistake and ask what he wants.
"I am waiting for someone," he announces in an offhand way, making no attempt
to sound convincing.
"Every other seat is empty," I point out. "Perhaps you would like to
wait in one of them."
"Is this a secret conversation?" he demands.
"No," says my guest, "it is a private conversation."
The man grunts and moves away. When I return to my room everything has been rearranged,
the first time in six weeks that anyone in the hotel has felt the need to tidy up my piles
of papers and notebooks.
The behaviour of the man in jeans falls within a pattern of intimidation much favoured
by the Indonesian intel apparatus, an agency of government with an unsavoury reputation
and a habit of doing pretty much as it pleases.
Fourteen months into the era of "reformasi", Indonesia's army and civilian
intel operatives are as active as ever - burly, surly and dangerous to know, especially
when it comes to East Timor. They are the eyes and ears of an army that has singularly
failed in its efforts to subdue that long-suffering territory but which is damned if it is
going to see East Timor withdraw from the republic.
And never, as the army sees it, have the intel men been more necessary.
Indonesia's President, Dr B.J. Habibie, has agreed to a UN-supervised ballot at which
the people of East Timor will be given the opportunity late next month to vote for either
independence or some kind of autonomy within Indonesia.
Senior army officers, infuriated at this gesture by their civilian commander-in-chief
and having no confidence that the East Timorese will vote to stay with a nation that has
treated them so brutally, are working to have the vote called off or, if that is not
possible, to ensure that it goes the right way.
To this end, the army has been providing training and logistics backing for a crop of
pro-Indonesian militia groups which sprang up mysteriously after Dr Habibie announced his
decision to call a vote.
The militias are made up largely of the flotsam and jetsam of East Timorese society -
poorly educated men who in many cases have been press-ganged into service at the behest of
the army.
At first, these groups concentrated on their East Timorese opponents. Recently, they
have turned their attention to the UN itself, wrecking a UN office in Maliana, attacking
an aid convoy which included two UN vehicles.
Indonesia has said it deplores and is "seriously concerned" over the attack
on the convoy, which took place in the Liquica district west of Dili.
But, as in the past, Indonesian Army and police officers always seem to be standing by,
arms folded.
No-one has any doubt these days that the militia gangs are backed by the Indonesian
Army (TNI).
And the body which has the job of managing the militias, many observers believe, is
Kopassus, the crack special forces unit which had been training regularly with US and
Australian forces until their behaviour became too much of an embarrassment for their
foreign friends - first Washington and then, some years later, Canberra.
Kopassus has had an unbroken connection with East Timor stretching back nearly a
quarter of a century.
It was Kopassus (then known as Kopassandha) which conducted the clandestine 1975
cross-border operations that were designed to sow fear and discord in the Portuguese
colony, creating the very unrest that Indonesia would later use as a justification for
intervention.
In the years after December 1975, when Kopassus spearheaded the Indonesian invasion of
East Timor, red beret troops were never far from the action.
They led special operations against Fretilin guerillas. They ran their own intelligence
unit, suborning East Timorese with money and preferment, "turning" Fretilin
captives in much the same way the Dutch "turned" Indonesian independence
fighters in the 1945-49 war of independence, offering them rewards, threatening their
families.
It was Kopassus which ran black operations in East Timor. It was Kopassus which trained
the East Timorese "Ninja" gangs which brought terror to the streets of Dili and
other towns.
Today, Kopassus is as active as ever in East Timor.
The military officer with immediate responsibility for the province is Colonel Tono
Suratman, a Kopassus officer who heads the local Korem (military district) command.
The chief of staff of Kodam IX, the Bali-based Udayana military region, which has
command over East Timor, is Brigadier General Mahidin Simbolon, a Kopassus officer with
many years' experience in East Timor, where he is widely feared.
Major-General Zacky Anwar, the former chief of BIA, the armed forces intelligence body,
is a Kopassus man who has been appointed, to the surprise of many, as liaison officer to
the UN.
Another officer at the centre of the present East Timor operation is ieutenant-Colonel
Wioyotomo Nugroho, the Kopassus intelligence chief.
"This guy [Nugroho] has been setting it up," says a source in Jakarta.
"Zacky Awar is the point man for the whole thing."
Many of these army officers attended courses in the US under the now-suspended
International Military Education and Training program.
And the tactics being pursued in East Timor, some analysts claim, bear a more than
passing resemblance to those pursued during the CIA's Phoenix program in South Vietnam,
which involved the targeting and murder of Viet Cong leaders.
They also have more than a little in common, these sources maintain, with the tactics
employed by the Contras, the CIA-backed rebels who fought during the 1980s to overthrow
the Marxist-oriented Sandinista Government of Nicaragua.
"In East Timor," notes a well-placed source in Jakarta, "they are not
simply going after the most radical pro-independence people but going after the moderates,
the people who have influence in their community.
"It's psy-war. You remove not only your opponents but the people who provide
leadership in that community. It's Phoenix.
"In [one of the early attacks in] Viqueque they targeted an aide to the bupati
[regent], a member of the DPRD [local parliament] and an engineer. There were four missing
and two dead."
In short, says this source, the aim is to "terrorise everyone" - the NGOs,
the [Red Cross], the UN, the journalists."
During their campaign the militias have been most active in Dili and in the five
kabupaten (districts) in the western part of the territory.
If those regions were to come out in favour of Indonesia while the remaining regions
opted for independence, one diplomat suggests, it would set the stage for partition,
creating an unviable territory in the east of East Timor and defeating the consultation
process.
"If they go with the partition argument," says this source, "then
everything collapses."
Having acknowledged that it served as the often brutal enforcer of the Soeharto
Government, the TNI is claiming to have turned over a new leaf. Its behaviour suggests
otherwise.
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